Therapeutic Recreation

Remedial Recreation is the deliberate use or improvement of relaxation as an approach to expand a person’s generally speaking wellbeing, prosperity, or personal satisfaction. Helpful Recreation programs for dysfunctional behavior may have occasional classes in numerous territories that may incorporate exercise, swim, adjusted karate and artworks. Helpful diversion programs are explicitly intended for people with inabilities. Gatherings are generally little and the member to staff proportion is suitable to the requirements of the group.The exercises are wanted to meet the enthusiasm of the members and can be individualized. In various networks there are various things for individuals with psychological sickness to do. In some network they even have occupations individuals can do to get them back in the network and working. Lamar Missouri has bunches of projects that put individuals that have psychological instability in occupations. I have even conversed with the chief for Mc D onald and he has given something to do individuals with psychological maladjustment and he said to me they are the best dam laborers I think I have.Even in Pittsburg Kansas they have projects to place customers into the work spot and let them bring in some cash. A few people see working in the public eye are employments however the customers consider it to be an approach to escape the house and they appreciate it to a degree I would state it is amusement. Some broad diversion projects might be adjusted to incorporate an individual with an inability utilizing helper helps and administrations, yet the structure of the action, bunch size and staff remains the same.Making it somewhat harder on the staff and the staff can't give coordinated help or concentrated help to a degree. A few spots there are projects and exercises that can suit all ages, interests, and ability levels. Exercises incorporate swimming classes, make classes, trips, camps, children’s programs, extraordinary oc casions, and fluctuated contributions each season. One program I was finding out about was moving. It is for a very long time 15 and up with psychological sickness. You move to a universe of musicality and take part in lively cadenced development for wellness and coordination.Includes line moves, circle moves, people moves. Structured particularly for youngsters, and grown-ups with formative handicaps, that one was for an individual with higher capacity. There are programs an individual with lower working can move to too. You can take that program and change a little and make it for any one or any age without any problem. The program I was perusing made individuals pay for the projects yet with some more adjustments and a few backers it could be all free. A few spots they have ides encourage the people with psychological sickness into programs at their local entertainment places, guaranteeing that urban communities and parks and amusement programs are open and usable by all resident s. Consideration assistants lead evaluations, create objectives for investment, and offer fundamental help, including expanded management levels, adjusting games and exercises and preparing of amusement focus staff, to guarantee that the necessities of the individual with handicaps are being met.Volunteers are a significant piece of the restorative entertainment administrations program. In numerous regions there are an assortment of volunteer open doors are accessible for those ages thirteen and up including understudies requiring administration hours. I don’t know whether the program is around there yet however there is a program Specialized Recreational Program Parenting with adoration and rationale. This program is for guardians, and educators it is an easy to use and regularly exceptionally fruitful program that is intensely enclosed by compassion however soles not shield kids from outcomes of their actions.It engages youngsters to tackle their issues and assist guardians with changing their practices to assuage pressure and weight. Obviously nothing works constantly, however this narrative program and the skill of your moderator will, in a safe and nonthreatening condition, welcome you to change the main individual you can change, yourself. I imagine that program would be extraordinary for parent that don’t truly realize how to manage their youngsters or even the ones that figure they do regardless of whether it don’t work it despite everything gave them somewhat more information. It will give them another point of view toward how to show their youngster. Remedial Recreation Restorative amusement is a treatment administration intended to reestablish, remediate and restore a person’s level of working and autonomy throughout everyday life. As per WHO-The world wellbeing association, wellbeing advancement is the way toward empowering individuals to expand command over, and to improve their wellbeing. Wellbeing advancement speaks to a complete social and political procedure, it not just grasps activities coordinated at reinforcing the aptitudes and abilities of people yet in addition the activity coordinated towards changing the social, ecological and financial conditions. The Ottawa Charter distinguishes three fundamental techniques for wellbeing advancement. These advocacy’s for wellbeing to make the fundamental conditions for wellbeing showed above empowering all individuals to accomplish their maximum capacity, and interceding between the various interests in the public arena in the quest for wellbeing. So as to advance sound ways of life in a populace or an individual various models have been made. For this examination both the Leisure Ability Model and the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model are being taken a gander at and looked at. The first of these models being taken a gander at is the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model. This model, made by Austin 1991, considers the to be of remedial amusement as encouraging the customer to recuperate following a danger to wellbeing, for example, chronic drug use, liquor enslavement, mental turmoil and so on, otherwise called wellbeing insurance, and to accomplish ideal wellbeing through wellbeing advancement. Henceforth therefore this models boss point is â€Å"to use movement, diversion or recreation to help individuals to manage issues that fill in as boundaries to wellbeing and help them to take a stab at their most significant levels of wellness†, (Austin, 1997). There are four significant ideas that underlie the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model (HPHPM). These are the Humanistic Perspective, High-level Wellness, The Stabilization and Actualisation Tendencies and Health. Humanistic Perspective-Those who grasp the humanistic point of view accept that every one of us has the duty regarding his/her own wellbeing and the limit with regards to settling on self-coordinated savvy decisions about our own individual wellbeing status. Since an individual is liable for their own wellbeing it is imperative to urge people to get engaged with dynamic and to accumulate greatest information to improve their wellbeing. Austin empowers that the populace are â€Å"active members on the planet, instead of detached manikins constrained by the environment†. The humanistic point of view centers around the positive picture of being human. Human instinct is seen as fundamentally great, and humanistic scholars center around techniques that permit satisfaction of an individual’s potential. Elevated Level Wellness-The term significant level health was first instituted by Dr. Halbert Dunn in his book in 1961, he characterized it as â€Å"†¦an coordinated strategy for working which is situated toward boosting the capability of which the individual is capable†. Dunn’s idea of significant level health is, similar to the humanistic point of view is an all encompassing methodology that goes past the nonappearance of physical ailment to incorporate both mental and ecological wellbeing. Therefore Austin derives that significant level wellbeing goes past conventional medication and toward helping individuals to accomplish as high a degree of health as they are equipped for accomplishing. Austin further proceeds to think about the likenesses between elevated level health and remedial amusement as both have been vigorously impacted by the humanistic point of view. Adjustment and Actualisation Tendencies-These are two inspirational powers which the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model depend on. Balancing out propensities assists with keeping up a consistent condition of a person. It takes a gander at keeping the feelings of anxiety of an individual’s life at a viable level and not to give the stressors access a person’s life to winding crazy prompting wellbeing hazard conduct (HRB), consequently therefore adjustment inclinations is the main thrust behind Health Protection. The actualisation propensity drives an individual towards wellbeing advancement which centers around accomplishing an individual’s elevated level of health. Wellbeing is the last hidden idea of The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model. A definitive objective of this idea is to assist a customer with striving toward wellbeing advancement. Pender’s (1996) meaning of wellbeing joins adjustment and actualisation propensities, hence interlinking wellbeing with the past basic idea of the model. Thus sound individuals can adapt to life’s stressors and urges customers to advance their own wellbeing as opposed to improving their wellbeing just to recuperate structure sickness. Austin (1997) accepts that the individuals who appreciate wellbeing have the chance to seek after the most elevated levels of self-improvement and advancement. Having taken a gander at the fundamental ideas of the model there are three wide territories of a continuum to be comprehended so as to plan a remedial diversion program for any customer. These are: I. Prescriptive exercises: When customers at first experience sicknesses or scatters, regularly they become self-consumed. The remedial entertainment work force, at this phase of the continuum must give guidance and structure to the customer as methods for an intercession because of a sentiment of vulnerability that can eventually create extreme melancholy. ii. Amusement: Through entertainment, customers start to recapture their balance upset by stressors with the goal that they may indeed continue their journey for realization. They partake in

Homework Should Be Abolished Essay

It is a typical feeling to understudies in regards to the abhorrence of schoolwork, however armies of educators know better since they perceive the significance of schoolwork in the achievement of understudies in school and outside of school. I totally can't help contradicting the explanation that schoolwork ought to be annulled. School without schoolwork isn't a picture I can comprehend. There are numerous reasons why schoolwork ought not be annulled as it is incredibly valuable towards the understudy. Schoolwork improves the solidness of the understudy in school permitting them to invest their energy shrewdly and not just spotlight on play. It permits the instructor to recognize the student’s shortcomings and thus allowing them a chance to improve and get new abilities. Additionally, requiring significant investment every night to do schoolwork is an opportunity for understudies to get up to speed with missed class and further strengthens the day’s exercises so it is forever scratched in the student’s mind where the data is put away and utilized when called upon. A few investigations have demonstrated that schoolwork, indeed, improves the solidness of the understudy in school. This reinforces the explanation that time invested finishing schoolwork is energy very much spent. As opposed to allowing understudies one more hour of relaxation time, doing schoolwork qualifies the understudy for an hour of improved instruction. This can enormously profit the understudy, as reliably completing schoolwork will receive extraordinary benefits, for example, a great grade or report card. Not exclusively does schoolwork achievement advantage the understudy, it benefits the educator too. Instructors get the chance to see at what stage the understudy is by appointing schoolwork. Moreover, the educator can distinguish the shortcomings of the understudy so they can improve their investigation propensities in order to pull their evaluations up. Numerous understudies decided not to state when they are encountering challenges and it is regularly dependent upon the instructor to discover. Schoolwork isn't set out just to serve understudies, however it is additionally unquestionably expected to assist educators with picking up knowledge on their student’s progress. Additionally, the significance and objective of schoolwork is beneficial towards the understudies. It permits understudies who missed the day’s exercise to find the remainder of their colleagues. In like manner, schoolwork strengthens the new ideas instructed that day and enables the understudy to build up a more profound comprehension of what they have realized. Despite what might be expected, if educators somehow managed to relegate no schoolwork day by day, at that point the new thoughts they have delivered will fail to be noticed and the understudies are the ones who miss out on the wondrous chance of gaining some new useful knowledge. Is it true that you are prepared to surrender an open door where new ideas are presented and planted immovably inside your psyche? It is suspicious to propose that schoolwork ought to be canceled. Albeit many may despise the notice of schoolwork, nobody can deny the way that homework’s benefits eclipse its cons. To put it briefly, schoolwork ought not be nullified! It assists with time the executives and association abilities, permits educators the chance to discover their understudies shortcomings so they can assist them with improving and ultimately, it assists with fortifying things instructed in school and help to increase a superior comprehension of the new thoughts and ideas educated, etching it inside understudies recollections until the end of time.

An Overview of Earning Masters Degree in Psychology

An Overview of Earning Master's Degree in Psychology More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Job Opportunities Earning a Degree Master's Degree Before a Doctorate Program Types Alternatives Are you thinking about earning a masters degree in psychology? A masters degree can open up a whole new world of career opportunities, but you should start by exploring whats involved in order to determine if its the right educational choice for you. Heres information about earning a masters degree in psychology, including how long it will take, your career options after graduation, and possible alternative degrees that you might want to consider. Overview A masters degree in psychology is a graduate-level degree that generally involves two to three years of study beyond your undergraduate (bachelors) degree. The two most common types of psychology masters degrees are the Master of Arts (M.A.) and the Master of Science (M.S.). An M.A. degree may indicate a stronger liberal arts focus, while an M.S. usually means theres a stronger concentration on research and the sciences. The type of degree offered depends on the school and program, however, since the academic requirements are often very similar. Some masters programs in psychology offer what is known as a terminal degree. This type of degree is designed to prepare graduates for professional practice in their specialty area. In other cases, a masters degree may serve as preparation for further study at the doctoral level. Specific course requirements can vary considerably, so take a careful look at the course outline of any program you are considering. You may also have to choose between a thesis and non-thesis option. Completing a thesis is a good choice if youre interested in further graduate study, while the non-thesis alternative might be ideal if you are more interested in entering the workforce immediately after graduation. Job Opportunities While having a masters degree means youll find more job opportunities than you will at the bachelors level, job options are still limited if youre interested in entering the field of professional psychology. A terminal masters program, however, does open the door to entry-level jobs in fields such as mental health, industrial-organizational psychology, and forensic psychology. Other potential sectors of employment include colleges, universities, private businesses, and government. Earning a Degree If youre interested in pursuing a masters degree in psychology, it pays to start planning early. Take a look at the requirements of a few programs youre considering, and then be sure to schedule all of the pre-requisite courses during your years of undergraduate study. Statistics, experimental methods, and developmental psychology are just a few of the common courses required by psychology graduate programs. Before you apply to a masters program, you may also be required to take the Graduate Record Examination or GRE. In addition to taking the main test, you might also need to take the GRE Psychology Subject Test. Once youve been admitted to a masters program, take note of the required courses, and check out your schools class offering schedule. Some classes are only offered every other semester or every other year, so plan carefully to ensure that you are able to take all the classes you need at the times you need them. Masters Degree Before a Doctorate One of the biggest questions facing students interested in earning a graduate degree in psychology is whether or not they should earn a masters degree before applying to a doctoral program. Many Ph.D. and Psy.D. programs do not require a masters degree, and students are able to begin these doctoral programs immediately after completing their bachelors degrees. If youre unsure if doctoral study is right for you, a masters degree can be a good option. Spend some time talking to your college advisor and faculty members to determine which option is the best choice based on your educational interests and career goals. Program Types While there are generalist programs available, many students elect to focus on a particular specialty area. Some of the different types of masters programs available include: M.A. or M.S. in experimental  psychologyM.A. or M.S. in industrial-organizational psychologyM.A. or M.S. in forensic  psychologyM.A. or M.S. in clinical psychologyM.A. or M.S. in social psychologyM.A. or M.S. in child development In addition to traditional masters programs, there are a variety of online masters degrees in psychology available. Alternatives If you determine that a masters degree in psychology is not the best choice to help you fulfill your academic and career goals, there are a number of related alternative programs to choose from. If you know that you want to work in the field of mental health, there are still plenty of other areas to consider. Counseling, social work, school psychology, education, and health sciences are other academic options that might also appeal to you. Some possible alternative degrees include: Ph.D. in psychologyDoctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)Masters in social workMasters in counselingMasters in sociologyMasters in academic affairsMasters in education

Essay on The Lost Roanoke Colony - 741 Words

Jamestown is thought by most of our general population to be the first colony in the New World. This is only half true. Jamestown is considered our first successful colony, however it was not our first attempt at a colony. There were a few attempts to colonize the New World before Jamestown and one in particular that is found to be interesting is Roanoke also known as the Lost Colony. It received this name due to the fact that the colonists that settled this colony disappeared very mysteriously. This poses the question of What happened to the people of Roanoke? There are many different viewpoints of what occurred to the colonists and the goal here is to address each one of them. In England, a document signed on January 7, 1587, created†¦show more content†¦After about a month of unloading, Fernandes decided time was drawing near for his departure from the New World. With his departure imminent, the colony faced a dilemma. White and his assistants all agreed that one of them needed to go back to England to secure additional supplies for the colony. The one chosen to go was John White. On August 27, 1587, White set sail for England in the smaller of the ships with a crew of about fifteen men. His journey was a treacherous one due to an accident at sea that injured twelve of his crew of fifteen , virtually disabling the ship. However, thought to be a perilous journey, White finally arrived with news of the city of Raleigh. But there would not be a return voyage in six months as expected. Spain had put together a mighty fleet of ships called the Spanish Armada. This caused Queen Elizabeth to order all English ships discontinue normal business and join the effort to fight off the Spanish fleet. Due to this and other mishaps, White did not get back to the city of Raleigh until August of 1597 which was three years later. Coincidentally, the colonist of Raleigh were gone just as the colonist of Greenville that were left before them. There are many different possibilities that may have occurred. It is one of the greatest mysteries with various view points. One thing all mysteries have in common is that there are noShow MoreRelatedRoanoke Island: the Lost Colony1691 Words   |  7 PagesRoanoke Island: The Lost Colony Alycia Roberts HIST113 VC On July 22, 1587, long before the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock, 117 hopeful colonists from England landed ashore onto a tiny island along the coast of what is today North Carolina. The group unpacked and founded a settlement, Roanoke Island. Then they vanished without a trace. The story of the Lost Colony has fascinated people across four centuries and remains one of the enduring mysteries of early America. There are several theoriesRead MoreEssay Lost Colony of Roanoke967 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries, the Lost Colony of Roanoke Island has been a controversial issue. Many theories exist that explain the disappearance of the colony. Some theories suggest that the colonists left the island to live with friendly neighboring Indians. Others suggest that a hurricane wiped out the colony or that a savage Indian tribe massacred them. The possibility of disease destroying them is also a debated topic. However, evidence indicates that the men and women left behind on Roanoke Island did not dieRead MoreFinding The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesEnglish put forth their effort to establish in America, specifically on Roanoke island. In 1584, English colonies found east coast of North America but not permanently settled. Until 1587. Ral eigh, John White and a group of 115 English settlers arrived at Roanoke Island. Although this great achievement had inflated nation s economy and promote country’s prosperity, its reign didn’t last long. John White came back to Roanoke after 3 years of disappearance. After his arrival, John had no clue whereRead MoreThe Mystery Of The Lost Colony Of Roanoke2021 Words   |  9 PagesThe mystery of the Lost Colony of Roanoke is a puzzling mystery about what happened to the first English settlers in America. The question is, what actually happened to them, because even with evidence and research no one knows for absolute certain what actually did happen. The disappearance of an entire colony, who left behind a dismantled settlement and the word Croatoan etched into a tree has stumped many archaeologists. Countless theories have arisen, some more outrageous than the restRead More The Mystery of the Lost Colony of Roanoke Essay2868 Words   |  12 PagesMystery of th e Lost Colony of Roanoke It was the age of discovery that first provoked intrigue and curiosity of new lands, particularly the Americas, and how the Europeans could expand to fit their society within the borders of this unknown and unexplored land. By the 1580s, more had been learned about the Americas, but any colonization until this point had not even been attempted. And so it was the English, under Queen Elizabeth Is rule, that were issued to establish a colony along the eastRead MoreThe Disappearance Of The Lost Colony1598 Words   |  7 PagesPlymouth, England, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I to start a new life on the Outer Banks. This colony of over one hundred people disappeared from the Roanoke Island region, never to be seen again (Kramer 2). For over 400 years, historians and archeologists have attempted to determine what happened. Although there are several popular theories regarding the disappearance of the Lost Colony, the theory with the most evidence for being accurate is the migration theory. The two previous expeditionsRead MoreThe Mystery of the Lost Colony941 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries the disappearance of the Roanoke colonists has been one of the great mysteries in the historical community. Within the span of three years, 120 colonists disappeared from an English colony on Roanoke Island, a small piece of land off the coast of North Carolina. The evidence left behind barely gives us a clue as to what could have happened to the entire colony. With the testimony of John White, the leader of the colony that left the settlement to get more supplies, and what little evidenceRead MoreThe Mystery of the Disappearance of Roanoke1220 Words   |  5 Pages The settlement at Roanoke was the first attempt to colonize the New World. The settlement at Roanoke is often referred to as the â€Å"Lost Colony† because of its unusual disappearance. The reason people often do not know about the first settlement at Roanoke is because it was abandoned, forgotten, and lost. The Roanoke settlement was located on an island on the northern coast of what is now North Carolina. A few more than a hundred English men first settled the colony at Roanoke Island in 1584. TheRead MoreQueen Elizabeth I Of England967 Words   |  4 PagesQueen and the Christian faith. In 1585, the first English settlers populated the new colony of Roanoke. By establishing Roanoke, the English hoped to launch trade with the Native Americans and mount piracy attacks on the ships of the enemy Spanish fleet. Queen Elizabeth sponsored â€Å"privateering† by motivating English sailors to raid and pillage Spanish ships, and having an English colony near the Spanish colonies would increase the effectiveness of privateering. Elizabeth hoped that once the EnglishRead MoreThe Fate Of The Colonists1366 Words   |  6 Pagesin his colony in Roanoke, VA and came back two years later (Lane). Everything had completely vanished. How could someone leave and when they get back everything is just gone? Roanoke Colony completely vanished nothing left; no bodies, no supplies, but there are many theories dealing with the fate of the colonists. In 1584, Raleigh was granted a patent by Queen Elizabeth I to colonize in America (Lane). Raleigh sent explorers Philip Amadas, and Artur Barloue to scout the island of Roanoke. They

A Contemporary Criminal Justice Issue Victims Role and Rights in Criminal Law Free Essay Example, 2500 words

A justification will create liberal spikes, but this paper will argue that it is vital to a satisfactory substantive interpretation of the criminal law as a unique institution. The specific problem on which Ciocchetti concentrates on is, as he emphasizes, only one of a set of problems about the roles that crime victims should be assumed to possess (Hall, 2008): do they have a moral obligation, and should they have a legal responsibility, for example to testify of or report the offense; to help the law enforcement in its investigation; to provide testimony in court; to engage in an arbitration or post-conviction discussion with the criminal; to bargain, and acknowledge, some form of apology and reparation from the criminal (Hall, 2008)? The criminal law describes the crime of an offender as a specific form of public immorality (LaFollette, 2002); but supposing that the victim disputes that description? Such disagreement may assume different forms (LaFollette, 2002). At its most basic , it could refute that what the law denounces as an offense is wrong at all. That could be the rejoinder of the victim, for instance, of failed voluntary euthanasia, or of those who got injured in the unanimous sadomasochistic endeavors that were condemned to be criminal in R. We will write a custom essay sample on A Contemporary Criminal Justice Issue: Victims Role and Rights in Criminal Law or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page On the other hand, a victim may consider this wrong as an entirely private issue: a husband whose wife commits infidelity in a state that criminalizes infidelity may claim that infidelity is not a public wrong but a private one that it is a problem between him and his wife (Duff Marshall, 2004).

How Global Warming Effect the Environment Free Essays

Charlotte Chiero Wk: 8 Assignment: Project 1-Research Project Global Warming Westwood College Global Warming is an increase in the Earth’s temperature that is caused by gases, chemicals, and heat trapped or introduced into the Earth’s atmosphere causing temperatures to increase. Everyone here on earth is responsible for Global Warming; it is something that we all are responsible for, instead of pointing the finger at each other we need to start working on a solution to slow down the warming effect in our country or world. If we do not become more educated on how we our destroying the world there will be nothing left. We will write a custom essay sample on How Global Warming Effect the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Global Warming has become so bad that we cannot tell the difference between seasons and this is because of the damage that we have done to our earth resources. To understand the Global Warming effect we need to comprehend what man has done to this world first we have destroyed our trees and not planting new ones exposing the earth to all kinds of unsafe elements. This is called deforestation. So why are we doing this. According to the National Geographic this is for agriculture farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing livestock. Often many small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as â€Å"slash and burn† agriculture. Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl. Deforestation has many negative effects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes. In addition deforestation also drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor back into the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly become barren deserts. Removing trees deprives the forest of portions of its canopy, which blocks the sun’s rays during the day and holds in heat at night. This disruption leads to more extreme temperatures swings that can be harmful to plants and animals. Further more trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere and increased speed and severity of global warming. The quickest solution to deforestation would be to simply stop cutting down trees. A more workable solution is to carefully manage forest resources by eliminating clear-cutting to make sure that forest environments remain intact. The cutting that does occur should be balanced by the planting of enough young trees to replace the older ones felled in any given forest. What we have to remember is that not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of young trees. We have also, introduced chemicals in the atmosphere that is destroying our ozone layers. Trying to find solutions to problems like this will take all of us to work together all over the world to slow down the hothouse effects. As I mentioned early this is why we need our trees to help filter out all these harmful chemicals that our world is exposed to. Some of these chemicals are electricity from coal burning power plants releases enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. According to Planet Save 40% of U. S. CO2 emissions come from electricity production, and burning coal accounts for 93% of emissions from the electric utility industry. Every day, more electric gadgets flood the market, and without widespread alternative energy sources, we are highly dependent on burning coal for our personal and commercial electrical supply. Another is in the last half of the 20th Century; the use of chemical fertilizers (as opposed to the historical use of animal manure) has risen dramatically. The high rate of application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers has effects on the heat storage of cropland (nitrogen oxides have 300 times more heat-trapping capacity per unit of volume than carbon dioxide) and the run-off of excess fertilizers creates ‘dead-zones’ in our oceans. In addition to these effects, high nitrate levels in groundwater due to over-fertilization are cause for concern for human health. References: Planet Save. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 20, 2012, from Planet Save: Read also: Disadvantages of Plants Living on Land How to cite How Global Warming Effect the Environment, Essay examples

The fate of Repetition Review Essay Example

The fate of Repetition Review Paper Essay on The fate of Repetition The genius of the writer and his works of art are not determined only by subjective criteria like ponra not ponra . Genius it is always a fact of social life it is worth to be considered. Therefore, in presenting the personal considerations of this kind would be needed some deployed arguments and precisely level, and I am delighted, but time will tell, and he would you finger in your mouth not put, but this Pushkin genius. Were (dissertation Chernyshevsky), and I have met, for example, it is quite clear criteria of aesthetic perception of applying for a work of genius (and not only art, can even name the author, but I will not not yet published). It is here that: 1) breadth of coverage selected issues; 2) penetration depth of a subject; 3) Detailed images and mastery of all the details. As is known, the presence of any but a systematic look at the problem, and in this case, the problem of genius, will always be better than a complete lack of consistency and any criteria. Other wise, everything will be exactly on psevdoharmsu: Gogol goes and thinks that Pushkin a genius, but after all, Tolstoy the genius of Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich, God rest his soul also a genius and when did it end! It seems thats not true, right? In short, Catherine rights we need clear evidence of genius, and not to get a terrible thing someone raspiarili abruptly and unleash one and you will be a genius-us, though naked. And without the use of the criteria of the whole process will soar prestigious consumer-cash payment and inspiration clamped his mouth presented by fractional collection of well we do or not ponra ponra . The fate of Repetition Review Essay Example The fate of Repetition Review Paper Essay on The fate of Repetition Actually, his Loneliness in the network I liked it. That is made quite a strong emotional impact, I do not know, maybe because I rarely book about love in general reading. This book is concocted from the same ingredients, but alas. Heroes vainly trying to overcome the effects of past trauma and tragedy, someone threw, someone died loved one and move on. Again highlights the theme of the network zadrotstva dating chat, correspondence, and of how it says Marina, you are communicating over the network for months and consider it a relationship. All this is punctuated by a lot of unnecessary information and about the structure of cells, and about some peptides, and about the search for a cure for AIDS, and even a biography of Mozart here intertwined. Moreover, one has only to be carried away by the history of the protagonist, as the story takes us to one side and begins grinding the relationship with his brothers wife, thinking about what people feel, being 11 September in the two WTC towers collapsing. History breaks down into some vague pieces, the impression that the author set out to evoke in the reader as much pity and sympathy in any way. We will write a custom essay sample on The fate of Repetition Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The fate of Repetition Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The fate of Repetition Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The main character here in fact the real schizo, it still youth rejected the girl, with whom he even really nothing had happened, then his years tormented panic attacks, and then he was still a decade caring for her sick mother in a wheelchair. In short, at the time the story was ready muzhig nabrositso just any woman. In principle, he was from whom to choose, but because he was schizo, you chose a mysterious stranger from a conversation about horses, yes. Neither good nor bad rolled their virtual romancheg, chuvachok booze at the computer chatyas with his virtual lover of all these passing dramatic stories have already become nauseated and I prepared a book zasrat to complete, but no The idea of ​​the author revealed to me only on the last page and I still dragged! The main character realized that he was ready to change his life, immediately took the day off on the job, shaved, bought a new shirt and went to another city to find an Internet cafe and most fall at the feet of his sweetheart network. She always appeared in chat 8, and here at the appointed hour, he saw two young men were trafficked into the hall a very beautiful woman in a wheelchair. Of course, he escaped from there with all haste, stopped the car only 5 km from the city, and then he started again, this attack of panic, from which it seems to be long ago got rid of. The end. For some reason I was glad to let out a happy cry, and shut the book. Somehow even the mood immediately lifted. I wonder if the author of my hysterics and tears into three streams after such neschaslivogo end of this rotten stories counted?

The Oxygen Revolution - History of Life on Earth

The Oxygen Revolution - History of Life on Earth The atmosphere on early Earth was very different than what we have today. It is thought that the first atmosphere of the Earth was made up of hydrogen and helium, much like the gaseous planets and the Sun. After millions of years of volcanic eruptions and other internal Earth processes, the second atmosphere emerged. This atmosphere was full of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and also contained other types of vapors and gases like water vapor and, to a lesser extent, ammonia and methane. Oxygen-Free This combination of gases was very inhospitable to most forms of life. While there are many theories, such as the Primordial Soup Theory, Hydrothermal Vent Theory, and the Panspermia Theory of how life began on Earth, it is certain that the first organisms to inhabit the Earth did not need oxygen, as there was no free oxygen in the atmosphere. Most scientists agree that the building blocks of life would not have been able to form if there had been oxygen in the atmosphere at that time. Carbon Dioxide However, plants and other autotrophic organisms would thrive in an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the main reactants necessary for photosynthesis to occur. With carbon dioxide and water, an autotroph can produce a carbohydrate for energy and oxygen as waste. After many plants evolved on Earth, there was an abundance of oxygen floating freely in the atmosphere. It is hypothesized that no living thing on Earth at that time had a use for oxygen. In fact, the abundance of oxygen was toxic to some autotrophs and they became extinct. Ultraviolet Even though oxygen gas couldnt be used directly by living things, oxygen wasnt all bad for these organisms living during that time. Oxygen gas floated to the top of the atmosphere where it was exposed to ultraviolet rays of the sun. Those UV rays split the diatomic oxygen molecules and helped to create ozone, which is made up of three oxygen atoms covalently bonded to one another. The ozone layer helped block some of the UV rays from reaching Earth. This made it safer for life to colonize on land without being susceptible to those damaging rays. Before the ozone layer formed, life had to stay in the oceans where it was protected from the harsh heat and radiation. First Consumers With a protective layer of ozone to cover them and plenty of oxygen gas to breathe, heterotrophs were able to evolve. The first consumers to appear were simple herbivores that could eat the plants that survived the oxygen laden atmosphere. Since oxygen was so plentiful in these early stages of colonization of land, many of the ancestors of the species we know today grew to enormous sizes. There is evidence that some types of insects grew to be the size of some of the larger types of birds. More heterotrophs could then evolve as there were more food sources. These heterotrophs happened to release carbon dioxide as a waste product of their cellular respiration. The give and take of the autotrophs and heterotrophs were able to keep levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere steady. This give and take continues today.

Does the SAT Predict Your College Success and Income

Does the SAT Predict Your College Success and Income SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You know it’s important for you to do well on the SATs because better scores will get you into a better college - top colleges want high SAT scores because they are supposed to indicate insight that a particular student is academically strong. Ultimately, a better college education is supposed to help you be more successful in your career. But do your SAT scores really speak to how competent or prepared you are as a potential student? And does a great college really increase your chances of professional success? These are tough, but important, questions - I’ll address them all here. First, I’ll talk about what the research says about the relationships between SAT scores, college success, and income. Then, I’ll present some explanations for why these factors are (or are not) related - it might not be for the reasons you think. So what’s the real relationship between your SAT scores, college success, and income? Why do these questions even matter? Read on to find out! What Are the Relationships Between SAT Scores, College Success, and Income? In these next sections, I'll talk about the correlations between SAT scores, college success, and future income. If there's a correlation between two factors or variables, that means there's a relationship between them - a positive correlation means that if one variable increases, the other variable will also increase.Causation is something a little different: if there's a causal relationship between two factors, it means one has a direct effect on the other. Just because there's a correlation between two factors doesn't mean there's a causal relationship. Still, though, the correlational relationships I'll discuss are important because they give us clues about how important some predictive factors are - for example, can high SAT scores predict future income? You're about to find out. SAT and College Success If you have high SAT scores, are you likely to get better grades in college? Perhaps unsurprisingly, most research studies find that your SAT scores do predict college success - to an extent. The relationship isn't particularly strong, which means that if you have high SAT scores, you're only slightly more likely to have higher college grades than a student who had lower scores. Research shows a similar relationship between SAT scores and high school grades. Given this relationship, it makes sense that colleges use the SAT as part of their admissions criteria.Schools tend to prefer students with higher SAT scores because they think that, in some small part, these scores could predict how well these students do in school. If schools accept students with higher scores and then these students are successful in college (and beyond), the schools will begin building a positive reputation. Ultimately, higher SAT scores might predict college success, but they'll more likely make you a more competitive college applicant. Keep in mind, though, that highand low scores are totally relative(read more about good and bad SAT scores). SAT and Income If you have high SAT scores, are you likely to earn more money after you graduate from college?There does seem to be a positive relationship between SAT performance and future income - that is, the better a student scores on her SAT, the more likely she is to earn more money later in life. One study found that high scorers not only went on to earn higher incomes, but they were also more likely to earn PhDs, file patents, and get tenure as a professor at a top university. Again, though, this relationship doesn't seem particularly strong. There are many other factors that better predict future income; not all Bachelor degrees pay the same. College Success and Income If you're more successful in college, are you likely to earn more later in life?To answer this question, I'm going to break "college success" down into two different parts: success as attending a top school, and success as earning a high GPA. Top Schools and Income If you end up at a top college, are you likely to earn more money than other college graduates? Students who attend top colleges tend to do pretty well. Top colleges are well-rated in the first place because they have good reputations, high graduation rates, strong undergraduate programs, and strong alumni networks. It would make sense that these factors would be related to greater income post-graduation. And that's exactly what the research shows: graduates of science/math-heavy schools and Ivy League schools tend to earn more than graduates of other colleges. Again, though, these are correlative relationships - you don't necessarily need to graduate from a top college in order to earn a lot of money.Simply getting a college degree is likely to significantly increase your future earnings. GPA and Income If you get better grades in college, are you likely to earn more money than students with lower GPAs? In general, students who do well in college tend to earn more after they graduate. This might depend on your field.Research has found that the difference in income between low-GPA and high-GPA graduates can amount to tens of thousands of dollars in certain careers. You might imagine that if many recent grads are competing for the same awesome job, GPA could end up a very important factor in hiring decisions. So yes, depending on your career path, higher grades are correlated with higher income. How Do All of These Factors Fit Together? It looks like SAT scores, college success, and income are all positively correlated. We can infer that higher SAT scores tendto predict greater college success, and greater college success tends to predict higher incomes later on. These relationships seem to generally fit what we expect.It's important to keep in mind, though, that these are relationships, not rules -just because someone has a perfect SAT score, for example, doesn’t mean that she will end up a millionaire. The real question is WHY these factors are related. Why do we expect high SAT scores→ better college → higher income? I’ll address the possible explanations in the next section. What's the Reason for the Relationships Between SAT Scores, College Success, and Income? What do you think leads to successful outcomes? There’s no empirically supported response to this question. Just because we can observe a relationship (correlation) doesn’t mean we can determine what’s driving it (causation). In this section, though, I’ll present some of the most plausible explanations for the reason behind these relationships. 1. A Better SAT Score Means You'll Get Into a Better College, and Attending a Better College Means More Opportunities for a Higher Income. This explanation is perhaps the most straightforward.Top colleges consider students more competitive if they have higher SAT scores - we know this to be true (although standardized test scores aren’t the only things that admissions officers consider). The better the school you attend, the more career opportunities are available to you. Here's an example to explain what I mean.Let's say we have two very similar students who attend high school together: same GPA, same list of extracurriculars, same AP courses. Student A studies for two months for the SAT and scores a 1500, whereas student B studies for one week and scores a 20.Although both display the same degree of talent and intellectual ability, Student A gets into an Ivy League college and student B doesn't. Student A has access to more career fairs and recruiters, and can utilize a stronger alumni network before getting her first job, ultimately making more money than Student B. She isn't smarter or more ambitious than her peer - she just has more doors open to her. With student talent (and even the fundamental quality of education) being equal between two people, the opportunities that come with a top college make it easier to earn a higher income after graduation. 2. If You're Naturally Smart, You'll Have High SAT Scores and Probably High Grades. This Means You'll Get Into a Better College and Have More Opportunitiesto Earn a Higher Income. This baby was born smart and happened to score a perfect 1600. This is the College Board's general position on the SAT exam: it's designed to be a totally fair exam that tests aptitude and critical thinking, not general knowledge or even test-taking strategy. Thus, smarter students should earn higher scores without too much practice or prep. Intelligent students will go on to have success in other areas (college applications, job searches) because they're naturally skilled. Some smart people are naturally good test-takers who can earn fantastic scores without much effort. But there are many smart students who don’t necessarily do well on the SAT at first. High school students who don't have much information on the exam, or don't have a strong foundation in core SAT content areas, are at a particular disadvantage (even if they're smart). Test-taking anxiety or unfamiliarity with the exam can significantly bring down the scores intelligent students. Ultimately, while natural smarts might lead to higher scores, many other factors (unrelated to intelligence) can bring them down. 3. If You Come From a Privileged Background, You've Had More Opportunities (Like a Better High School Education), Leading to a Higher SAT Score and Greater Chances for Future Success. Having resources available to you through childhood into adulthood definitely doesn’t make things harder. Students may be fortunate enough to hire a private SAT tutor, for example. Perhaps parents help ensure future success through their own professional connections.Many critics of the SAT endorse this explanation - they feel that for this reason, the SAT puts students from underprivileged backgrounds at a disadvantage, which isn’t fair. Research tends to support this explanation: one study, sardonically naming the SAT the "Student Affluence Test," showed that students from wealthy families tend to out-score students from low-income families by about 400 points. That's a huge margin, one that can make an enormous impact on the sorts of colleges that are within students' reach.While you don't need to come from a wealthy family to do well on the SAT, attend a top college, and earn a high income, it seems that low-income students are fighting an uphill battle. So Which Explanation Is the Right One? What's the right recipe for success on the SAT, in college, and even in your career? Like I mentioned at earlier points in this points, it's really difficult to establish causality when discussing the effects of different factors on future success. It's likely that the "right" explanation is some combination of the ones listed above. High SAT scores + natural smarts + privileged background might be the easiest recipe for future success, but it isn't the only one. There are some factors you won't have any control over - like your family background, or natural test-taking aptitude - but there are things you can do to bring up your SAT scores. And like I mentioned in Explanation #1, SAT scores seem to have the clearest connection to college success and income. I'll address strategies for maxing out your chances for future success in the next section. How Do You Set Yourself Up for Future Success If You're at a Disadvantage? Even an uphill climb can be made easier with the right tools. If you don’t consider yourself a natural test-taker, or if you don’t come from a privileged background, you might be nervous about the SAT. You know it determines (to some extent) what sort of college you can get into, and it tends to predict income. So what can you do if you want to give yourself the best chance possible at being successful? Self Study Work out of a book on your own, take practice tests, and review your wrong answers to improve your scores over a set timeline. The College Board Blue Book is a great place to start if you plan on studying on your own.PrepScholar's blog is also a great free resource for comprehensive, up-to-date content on studying for the SAT. However, this self-study strategy might not be the best option for students who tend to procrastinate or who lack motivation. Take an SAT Class SAT classes are great for an intro to the test, especially if you want to focus on learning strategy. These classes can help you get motivated, but they're not customized to your particular strengths and weaknesses. Get a Private Tutor A private, one-on-one tutor can be a great resource because you get a totally customized experience. It’s also very costly, and it can be difficult to find an experienced and proven instructor. Wyzant is a good place to start looking for tutors in your area - you can see how tutees have rated them in the past. Use PrepScholar's SAT Prep PrepScholar's program isaffordable, customized, and effective. Get more info on the SAT prep program. What's Next? Ready todo your future self a favor? You can start right now by checking out our guides to the SAT. The right sidebar includes links to some of our most popular guides and a list of topics to explore further. Beginners should start here by learning about good and bad SAT scores, and what scores they should be aiming for. Already an SAT expert? Maybe you'd be interested in Ivy League SAT scores, or a guide to getting the perfect score. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Francesca Fulciniti About the Author Francesca graduated magna cum laude from Harvard and scored in the 99th percentile on the SATs. She's worked with many students on SAT prep and college counseling, and loves helping students capitalize on their strengths. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Emotional Abuse in Children Annotated Bibliography

Emotional Abuse in Children - Annotated Bibliography Example He looks at the various psychological impacts the abuse can lead to in children and also some of the measures that can be put up to minimize the damage that is inflicted on children who have been victims. In addition, he states some of the ways that can be used to detect the abuse early enough so that intervention can be made to limit the permanent damage that the abuse may inflict in the children and caregivers. He states that before any action is taken, there needs to be effective confirmation of emotional abuse of the child. This will be done by a close observation of the interaction between the child and the abuser. This will be done on repeated occasions, and if abuse is suspected, action will have to be taken regardless of whether the action is committed at home, school or community setting. The caregiver will have to investigate any reports that arise of any sort of abuse as these will easily contribute to child abuse. After investigation has been conducted by Children Protection Agency, the team will provide professional opinion from say a doctor, physician or psychologist. Furthermore, other stakeholders in the legal aspect will have to be involved to ensure that all the proper actions are taken including rehabilitating the child to ensure they recover from the negative actions that they may have suffered (O’Hagan, 1993). Tomison is a renown Author and Human Rights Activist who has specialized in areas such as Child abuse and Violence prevention, relationships between different forms of violence, Indigenous child protection and child welfare as well as Child protection policy and systems development. He has worked for the Australian Centre for Criminology at different capacities over the years. Dr Joe Tucci on the other hand is a trained Sociologist and Psychologist who possesses significant experience in dealing with issues to do with children. He is also a renowned author and currently the C.E.O of the Australian

Planning and Goal Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning and Goal Setting - Essay Example For instance, he may ask that interviews be carried out around campus in a bid to gather certain information. For instance if the principal has heard of several complaints on numerous occasions, in order to have an idea of how many people are discontented, he may ask for data concerning this to be collected so as to enable him to act if need be. This is done mostly while analyzing data collected, mostly through questionnaires. If there was a certain question concerning this, then the campus leader will look at the responses and this will help in determining personnel needs. This article seeks to focus on a fundamental issue- the shortage of teachers and how to get more young people interested in the profession. Although this issue has been raised over a number of years, proper plans have not been put in place. This article outlines plans that have been proposed and implemented over years. For instance; CAPE. Identify the principal competencies and supporting standards involved or implicated in the reading, (e.g., Competency 5 and Competency 6, , including the following standard: Analyze the implications of various factors (e.g., staffing patterns, class scheduling formats, school organizational structures, student discipline practices) for teaching and learning, (Competency 5); Implement effective, appropriate, and legal strategies for the recruitment, screening, selection, assignment, induction, development, evaluation, promotion, discipline and dismissal of campus staff, (Competency 6). Implement old plans instead of making new plans. There are already plans on how to deal with the shortage of teachers; however these plans are usually scrapped for new ones without full implementation. Planning without implementation is an act in futility. The acute shortage of teachers is caused by the modern view of a teacher. A job deemed to be almost ‘menial’.

Critical Appraisal Role Of Physiotherapy Health And Social Care Essay

Critical Appraisal Role Of Physiotherapy Health And Social Care Essay The aim of this assignment is to critically appraise the scientific research paper The role of physiotherapy in the treatement of subacromial impingement syndrome by Dickens, Williams Bhamra (2005) while detailing the objectives of the paper, research methods used and the outcomes of the research findings. What is the scientific paper is about? The aims of the research paper according to Dickens Williams Bhamara (2005:1) was to investiagte the effectiveness of a physiotherapy programme in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. This paper did not outline specific modalities and was reliant on convincing the reader that physiotherapy should be viewed as a first line management for subacromial impingement syndrome against the present orthepedic view which would swing towards operative intervention as the corrective action. The paper was published by Elsevier for the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy by a combined group of physiotherapists and Orthepedic surgeons and was funded by the Physiotherapy Research Foundation. When combined these groups may lead the paper to be viewed as self servicing and lead the reader to pinpoint a lack of impartiality. Patients for the research where taken from a waiting list for surgery for subacromial impingement syndrome. Each of these patients was independently reviewed by surgeon James L Williams, a coauthor of the paper, and had underwent three steroid injections into the subacromial space, given at 6-weekly intervals as part of an exisiting protocol (Dickens et al, 2005:160). The study was conducted in a randomised fashion in that the eighty five clients were selected by giving a client on a surgical waiting list an envelope that had within it either control or physiotherapy, 45 joined the physiotherapy group while 40 joined the control group. There were 100 envelopes split 50:50 between the groups which leads the reader to believe this may have been quasi-randomised. In order to assess physiotherapy without bias clients who had previous physiotherpay treatement were excluded from the study according to Dickens et al. Also clients with signs of cervical radiculopathy, adhesive capsulitis or clinically obvious rotator cuff tears or a grade III subacromial spur on their shoulder suprasinatus outlet radiograph (Dickens et al, 2005:160). The randomised fashion was administered by human administrators and not via a computerised system. A control group was used and this group had no alternative but to continue on towards surgical intervention, this created a bias for this group since the probability for having surgical intervention was P-1. Intitially the group of patients numbered eighty five patients from an initial set of 100 envelopes. 9 of the initial 40 patients in the control group refused to attend the repeat assessmemt at the end of the program, 3 of the physiotherapy group dropped out for social reasons leaving 42 partcipating in there group. Due to the substantial number of dropouts weight must be given to the emergence of unfairness to any comparsion portrayed in the paper. Follow up occurred after a 6 month period and performed by James L Williams, a coauthor of the paper, and may not have been blind since he could have easily discussed whether they felt they still needed surgery (Dickens et al, 2005:161). How the study was designed? The aims of the research paper according to Dickens Williams Bhamara (2005:1) was to investigate the effectiveness of a physiotherapy programme in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. According to the Webster dictionary the word effectiveness means to produce a desired effect, the desired effect is not established in the aim. This ambiguity around the aim of the paper leaves any conclusion open to interpretation by the reader. When the paper is read in its entirety you could potentially interpret the aim as conveying the message that physiotherapy should be first line management for subacromial impingement therefore moving interventive surgery to second line. There is no published pilot data therefore we cannot correctly establish if the sample size for the scientific paper is justified. We do know that the randomisation process catered for 100 patients, 100 envelopes, of which only 85 were taken up, 72 patients successfully making it to the reassessement stage. The age ranges within the groups have relevance to the outcome of the scientific research. We only have a mean age of each group without an reference to outliers who could affect the statistical data. It is clear that the more junior males respond better under all conditions. This contradicts the statement the two groups were well matched for age, sex and initial constant score (Dickens et al, 2005:161). The probability values (p-values) have been averaged (p This lack of depth in the data provided does not allow the reader to establish if a null hypothesis was proved and may lead them to believe this was pure coincidence. Scientific research should always start from the null hypothesis point of view to ensure impartiality. The selection process for patients, waiting list for surgery, post steroid injection, exclusion of specific pathologies, clinical history and examination meant the group may have been skewed to fulfill the authors aims. Steriod injections can provide an improvement in subacromial impingement due to its anti-inflammatory effect. The selection process did not seem to take into account the duration nor the severity of the impingement syndrome on the individual nor if they were receiving treatment from other practitioners not listed. There is no detailed information regarding the treatment programme dispensed to the physiotherapy patients. If a specific treatment programme had been documented and applied to all patients in this group more quantative data and allowed the research to be replicated and potentially validated by other authors. This would have also allowed the treatments to be cross referenced with socio demographic data from each patient and establish sub sets within the master data. We are unsure how the null findings are interpreted since the authors do not detail this. Nor have they given any data around the chi-squared test. Probability values are give in a round format (p The constant score has a low systematic error but is not reliable for clinical follow up in patients.The constant scores taken at the start of the research were based on 85 patients not on the same 72 patients whom allowed themselves to be reassessed at the end of the programme. This lead to a lack of confidence in the method used by the authors to compare pre and post programme data, they may not have itemised which data belonged to each patient and therefore could not remove this anomoly. The involvement of James L Williams in the reassessment process ensured a lack of blinding and a bias, though the authors clearly did not see this position the follow up assessments were performed by JLW in a blinded situation (Dickens et al, 2005:162). All assessments should have been performed by a validated third party reusing the initial assessment criteria. Since we have no detailed information about the modalities utilised, treatment cycles matched with socio demographic information there is no clinical relevance to the outcomes. To have clinical relevance the process needs to be reproducable which is highly unlikely based on the information presented in the scientific paper. How was the study conducted? A quasi-randomised human administer method of 100 envelopes split evenly between the control and physiotherapy groups were handed out to 85 patients. All 85patients were told that participation on the programme would not affect there standing on a waiting list for surgery. This promise may have affected participation since they would have already been convinced of the necessity for surgery by an orthepedic surgeon. The dropping out of patients in both groups weakened the statistical data which the paper relies upon and imbalanced any findings. Interpreting clinical programmes requires greater participants reducing any potential for the play of chance. How was the study analysed and were there limitation and errors in the study? Each treatment group should have been similar based on age, sex, duration of syndrome, decrease in range of movement and similar capacities to perform the home care plan. Based on the information conveyed in the paper we must assume none of these points were established and therefore does not allowed for each group to have a comparable baseline. The quasi-randomised allocation of each patient to a group ensured that the treatment groups were not comparable. Since all participants stayed within their allocated groups we can establish that the intention was for the results to be analysed by intention to treat. Unfortunately there were patient withdrawals from the programme which would allow to construe that the comparision of treatments would no longer be fair. Also the treatment received within the physiotherapy group as a whole may have differed from individual to individual but no patient moved between groups. Not enough importance was placed on statistical information like the control group having members who improved, yet were not involved in the physiotherapy programme. Also confounding may have occured due to the pre programme steroid injection. Steroid injections are interrelated to anti inflammatory improvements in a range of impingement syndromes. The report had no reference to any confidence intervals which would have ensured the removal of the chance effect and imporved the significance of any statistics. The lack of statistical data in table format and the reliance on prose within the paper show the paper to be more a marketing document than a reliable source of data. Quantative data tables would have allowed the reader to view and validate the authors outcomes. This lack of independence in data lead the reader to wonder does the data actually support the outcome. The approach of only conveying results taken by the authors, could create suspicion in the mind of the reader, undermines the credibility of the paper. Side effects are an important factor in all scientific research papers. What if the side effect of the treatment modalities outwayed the alternative approach taken by the control group. Effectiveness of treatment and a lesser set of side effects would need to be established against the control group to ensure there is no bias. Since there is no mention of side effects for either groups we can only assume that the authors wished to purposefully withhold this information. This factor only would ensure that it clinical relevant is negated. How would you interpret the study and what if any are the implications of the study for your practice? The main finding confirms that a physiotherapy programme is of benefit (Dickens et al, 2005:163) does not confirm the objective of the scientific paper. All the paper conveys is that there are successful alternatives to surgery for a subset of the population. There are too many pervasive factors to rely on the statistical significance of the data put forward by the authors. No true finding can be extracted from the paper and it portrays a message set by the authors who went out to prove it. Therefore I cannot see any attempt by the authors to perform a null hypothesis test which should have been their approach. The only assumption to an attempt at a null hypothesis is the assumption that at the outset of the programme no difference existed between all patients in each group. Other alternatives could account for the 11 physiotherapy group patients improving, steriod injection, age, change in lifestyle etc. This overlooking of the steroid injection pre programme participation has a major impact on the validity of the results. The severity and duration of the syndrome on the patient could potentially have an impact of any positive results. The research funder being a physiotherapy organisation has may have had an effect on the interpretation of data. The length of gap between the post surgery and final step in the physiotherapy programme and final assessment may have had an effect on the results. Rehabilitation programmes may not have been adhered to during this period. Why not take periodical assessements every fortnight over the final 6 month period? We also do not know how the drop outs from the programme affect the data use to support the outcome. We can only assume if this data was removed the outcome may have not supported the objective and therefore shown the physiotherapy is not or no more effective than surgery. Alarmingly this scientific research paper references 26 papers published prior to 2000, the oldest being from 1973, while only 5 papers are based between 200 and the time of release of the paper. This points to either a lack of interest in the particular field or a selective extraction of papers to support the authors objective. Normally supporting information referencing in other reports should be relatively up to date and from journals of quality. Ideally a research paper should look to changing your clinical practice. This paper does not provide me with any rational to change nor if it had a credible case would I understand what I should be changing. Since I cannot replicate the treatment modalities used within the study I cannot change practise nor would I recommend another practioner to perform the same.

Medicine and Law Essay

On February 11, 2003, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the State of Arkansas could force death row prisoner Charles Laverne Singleton to take antipsychotic drugs to make him sane enough to execute. Singleton was to be executed for felony capital murder but became insane while in prison. â€Å"Medicine is supposed to heal people, not prepare them for execution; a law that asks doctors to make people well so that the government can kill them is an absurd law,† said David Kaczynski, the executive director of New Yorkers Against the Death Penalty. There are many arguments in this passage. The first argument is this passage is â€Å"medicine is supposed to heal people, not prepare them for execution†. The premise is â€Å"medicine is supposed to heal people, not prepare them for execution† and the conclusion is â€Å"medicine shouldn’t kill people†. The second argument in this passage is â€Å"a law that asks doctors to make people well so that the government can kill them in an absurd law†. The premise is â€Å"a law that asks doctors to make people well to kill them† and the conclusion is â€Å"the law is absurd†. This passage depicts many issues occurring in America today. Although, the prisoner Charles Laverne Singleton was convicted to the death penalty, using doctors and medicine to execute him is wrong. Medicine was created to heal people from disease and prevent illness. Doctors became physicians to support people, save lives, and educate individuals to increase their quality of life. When doctors graduated from medical school they took an oath to help save lives. Participating in an execution goes against the laws medical ethics and everything a physician stands for. Arguments for this passageway may include the amount of money it takes to keep the prisoner in jail, lethal injection is a less violent way of execution, and a doctor is the most qualified person to give a lethal injection. A lthough, keeping convicts in jail costs a lot of tax payers’ dollars, there are other ways to execute the individuals on death row. The lethal injection might be less violent however; it doesn’t make it the ideal method to kill. Doctors are the most qualified to give a lethal injection yet there are not the most qualified to murder. The decision also puts prison doctors in a position that challenges ethics. Doctors have to ask themselves: Is it better to provide care for death row inmates patients, because everyone deserves competent care and protection from unnecessary suffering? Does it degrade the healing  profession to use one’s medical skills to prepare a person for execution? The government wants to kill the individuals on death row but they don’t want to do it themselves. Asking a doctor to dirty their hands results in the government keeping their hands clean. More research has to be done to find new methods to execute these death row convicts. M edicine and doctors should not be the means to kill anyone. The Code of Ethics states that a physician should never be â€Å"compelled to participate in the process of establishing a prisoner’s competence or be involved with treatment of an incompetent, condemned prisoner if such activity is contrary to the physician’s personal beliefs† [9]. On February 11, 2003, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the State of Arkansas could force death row prisoner Charles Laverne Singleton to take antipsychotic drugs to make him sane enough to execute. Singleton was to be executed for felony capital murder but became insane while in prison. â€Å"Medicine is supposed to heal people, not prepare them for execution; a law that asks doctors to make people well so that the government can kill them is an absurd law,† said David Kaczynski, the executive director of New Yorkers Against the Death Penalty. There are many arguments in this passage. The first argument is this passage is â€Å"medicine is supposed to heal people, not prepare them for execution†. The premise is â€Å"medicine is supposed to heal people, not prepare them for execution† and the conclusion is â€Å"medicine shouldn’t kill people†. The second argument in this passage is â€Å"a law that asks doctors to make people well so that the government can kill them in an absurd law†. The premise is â€Å"a law that asks doctors to make people well to kill them† and the conclusion is â€Å"the law is absurd†. This passage depicts many issues occurring in America today. Although, the prisoner Charles Laverne Singleton was convicted to the death penalty, using doctors and medicine to execute him is wrong. Medicine was created to heal people from disease and prevent illness. Doctors became physicians to support people, save lives, and educate individuals to increase their quality of life. When doctors graduated from medical school they took an oath to help save lives. Participating in an execution goes against the laws medical ethics and everything a physician stands for. Arguments for this passageway may include  the amount of money it takes to keep the prisoner in jail, lethal injection is a less violent way of execution, and a doctor is the most qualified person to give a lethal injection . Although, keeping convicts in jail costs a lot of tax payers’ dollars, there are other ways to execute the individuals on death row. The lethal injection might be less violent however; it doesn’t make it the ideal method to kill. Doctors are the most qualified to give a lethal injection yet there are not the most qualified to murder. The decision also puts prison doctors in a position that challenges ethics. Doctors have to ask themselves: Is it better to provide care for death row inmates patients, because everyone deserves competent care and protection from unnecessary suffering? Does it degrade the healing profession to use one’s medical skills to prepare a person for execution? The government wants to kill the individuals on death row but they don’t want to do it themselves. Asking a doctor to dirty their hands results in the government keeping their hands clean. More research has to be done to find new methods to execute these death row convicts. M edicine and doctors should not be the means to kill anyone. The Code of Ethics states that a physician should never be â€Å"compelled to participate in the process of establishing a prisoner’s competence or be involved with treatment of an incompetent, condemned prisoner if such activity is contrary to the physician’s personal beliefs† [9].

The Smart Grid And Smart Meter - 1157 Words

Executive Summary Electricity is widely used form of energy and it’s rapidly growing nowadays. It has become to our way of daily life. However, electrical energy generating is currently the largest single source of carbon dioxide emissions, which has significantly make a contribution to climate change and the impact of the environment. The electrical power system was built up more than 100 years ago. It is one of the most effective components of the infrastructure on which delivers electrical energy to commercial, industry and consumer demand. However, in order to meet the growing demand for power and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, we need to have an electric system that can be used in a sustainable, reliable and economic way. Smart grid and smart meters are the new power grids, which has been used in some countries to obtain the sustainable uses. They hold potential to benefit customers and the environments. This report is meant to give an overview about the smart grid and smart meters by describing what is the smart grid and smart meter. In addition, it introduces several technologies from these power grid systems and how these technologies impact on the environment and renewable resources. The report also presents the benefits of using the smart grid and smart meters, which associated with our way of life. Thus, the disadvantages will also be discussed. 1. Introduction The power system has played a vital role in our daily life since the first powerShow MoreRelatedHow Smart Grid Used Today?1352 Words   |  6 PagesHow Are Smart Grid Used Today? Introduction Smart grids usage has been increasing all over the world. North America and Europe are the two regions that have been increasing their usage of smart grids over the years. A. Smart grid has four major area of applications which are industries and homes, transmission and distribution, generation, and power system as a whole. B. 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But mostly they were radial in nature so that any failure can cause total failure of the system and the current would be shunted to other elementsRead MoreGrowing Number of Electric Power Grids531 Words   |  2 PagesThe existing electric power grids face new challenges with the growing economies that are dependent on electricity. These challenges put the ability of the current electric power grids at risks of being able to deliver efficient, reliable and clean power energy to meet the demand of the growing economies. The reliability of the existing electric power girds during peak load conditions is ensured mainly by having excessive power capacity in the whole system [1 ]. Excessive power capacity necessitates

The Battles And Disadvantages Of The Battle Of Waterloo

3. The Battle of Waterloo The defeat of Napoleon during the Battle of Waterloo was the result of many disadvantages, such as weather, topography, and the arrival of Prussian reinforcements to aid the British army. Additionally, Napoleon left his best general, Davout, in Paris instead of using his expertise in battle, and instead, appointed inadequate generals, such as Michel Ney. Most of Sun Tzu’s principles that Napoleon considered for the Battle of Austerlitz were used against him by Wellington and ignored in Napoleon’s plans. Before the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon had defeated the Prussian army led by Blucher at Ligny. After receiving news of this, the Duke of Wellington, the commander of the British army, marched from Quatre Bras 15†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately for Napoleon, he underestimated the distance between the Prussians and the British and the magnitude of their military power if they united during the battle. The hours spent leisurely waiting in confidence for the ground to dry were wisely spent by the Prussians as they marched to Waterloo. If Napoleon had fought Wellington’s forces before they arrived in Waterloo or immediately before it was even possible for the Prussians to arrive in time as reinforcement, then Napoleon probably would not have faced being outnumbered and overpowered by the end of the battle. Similar to how Napoleon chose a strategic location as the battlefield in the Battle of Austerlitz, Wellington chose Waterloo because he had surveyed this land before. From Wellington’s right to left, the area included three garrisoned farms: Hougoumont, La Haye Sainte, and Papelotte. These farms were made of stone and brick and were used as forts by Wellington’s soldiers. Surrounding the area was fields of corn that provided cover for the soldiers and a ridge that not only provided cover, but gave them a high vantage point as well. 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The artillery and small arms were years behind that of France. The R ussian army was a conscription army, meaning that local farmers had to furnish a certain number of surfs for